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The word charisma (from the Greek word χ?ρισμα (kharisma), "gift" or "divine favor," from kharizesthai, "to favor," from kharis, "favor": see also charism) refers to a rare trait found in certain human personalities usually including extreme charm and a 'magnetic' quality of personality and/or appearance along with innate and powerfully sophisticated personal communicability and persuasiveness.
Though very difficult or even impossible to define accurately (due to a lack of widely accepted criteria in regard to the trait), charisma is often used to describe an (elusive, even undefinable) personality trait that often includes the seemingly 'supernatural' or uncanny ability to lead, charm, persuade, inspire, and/or influence people.
It refers especially to a quality in certain people who easily draw the attention and admiration (or even hatred if the charisma is negative) of others due to a 'magnetic' quality of personality and/or appearance.
Similar terms/phrases related to charisma include : grace, exuberance, equanimity, mystique, positive energy, joie de vivre, extreme charm, personal magnetism, personal appeal, "electricity," and allure, among many others. Usually many of these specific qualities must be present within a single individual for the person to be considered highly charismatic by the public and their peers.
Despite the strong emotions they so often induce in others, charismatic individuals generally project unusual calmness, confidence, assertiveness, dominance, authenticity, and focus, and almost always possess superb communication and/or oratorical skills.
Although the etymology of the word ("divine gift") might suggest that charisma can't be acquired, and despite the persistent inability to accurately define or even fully understand the concept, it is believed that charisma can be taught and/or learned. Others disagree with this assertion and maintain that it is an inborn trait and that it cannot be either learned, taught, or 'gained.'

Contents

1 The psychology of charisma
2 Theories of charisma
3 Other uses
4 See also
4.1 As "divine favor"
4.2 As "personal appeal"

5 References
6 References and further reading
7 External links

The psychology of charisma

The term charisma, derived from Ancient Greek was introduced in scholarly usage by German sociologist Max Weber. He defined charismatic authority to be one of three forms of authority, the other two being traditional (feudal) authority and legal or rational authority.
According to Weber, charisma is defined thus:
a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which s/he is "set apart" from ordinary people and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as divine in origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.

The study, recognition, and development of charisma in individuals is of particular interest to sociologists/psychologists, popular (usually national) politicians, public speakers, actors, movie-stars/movie-producers, casting directors, pop-music stars, trainers/coaches targeting the upper-echelons of the business community (CEOs), and academics or others involved in leadership studies or leadership development, among others.
In some cases highly-extroverted and brutally controlling charismatic leaders have used their personal charisma in extremely destructive and damaging ways throughout human history, for example, Adolf Hitler and Jim Jones (the Peoples Temple).

Pierre Bourdieu did not have a very different position from that of Weber's, but he stressed that a leader has charisma only if other people accept that s/he has it. Bourdieu argued that charisma usually depends on an "inaugural act" such as a decisive battle or moving speech after which the charismatic person will be regarded as such.

Theories of charisma

Charisma has also been studied as a set of behaviors/traits; for example, a modern psychological approach posits that charisma is basically aggregative, a conglomeration of distinct personality traits that meld well in certain individuals to form the broad quality known as charisma or "personal magnetism."
Theatrically, charisma can sometimes be "performed" on-stage and in films, and is encapsulated in both verbal and non-verbal communication.
Professor Richard Wiseman says that a charismatic person has three attributes:
• they feel emotions themselves quite strongly;
• they induce them in others;
• and they are impervious to the influences of other charismatic people. [4]
The following are Professor Wiseman's general tips on how to be more charismatic:
– General: Open body posture, hands away from face when talking, stand up straight, relax, hands apart with palms forwards or upwards
– To an individual: Let people know they matter and you enjoy being around them, develop a genuine smile, nod when they talk, briefly touch them on the upper arm, and maintain eye contact
– To a group: Be comfortable as leader, move around to appear enthusiastic, lean slightly forward and look at all parts of the group
– Message: Move beyond status quo and make a difference, be controversial, new, simple to understand, counter-intuitive
– Speech: Be clear, fluent, forceful and articulate, evoke imagery, use an upbeat tempo, occasionally slow for tension or emphasis. [4]

Prominent modern expert in communicational skills and courtship Wayne Elise, supported by his team of collaborators known as Charisma Arts, conducts and updates a thorough research in psychology of charisma, and offers practical seminars and "bootcamps" dedicated to the topic, training people to become more charismatic. The company's regular Charm School weekends held all over the world grow in popularity, the ones in New York traditionally attracting the greatest number of clients and regarded as the most advanced.

Der Ausdruck Charisma (v. griech.: chárisma Gnadengabe, aus Wohlwollen gespendete Gabe) findet sich ursprünglich vor allem in der jüdisch-christlichen Tradition (Philo, Septuaginta, Neues Testament) und bezeichnet allgemein die von Gott dem Menschen geschenkten Güter, wobei das Wort das Wohlwollen als Motivation der Gabe betont. Der Ausdruck wird dann vor allem bei Paulus für die nichtmateriellen Güter verwendet.
In der Religionswissenschaft wird der Begriff einerseits für die Begabung oder Befähigung zum Empfang von Offenbarungen, Inspirationen oder Erleuchtungen verwendet, anderseits - verbunden mit religiöser Devianz und Innovation - für die Schaffung einer eigenen von einer bestimmten Gruppe anerkannten numinosen Autorität.
Alltagssprachlich versteht man heute unter "Charisma" eine besondere Ausstrahlungskraft eines Menschen ungeachtet seiner körperlichen Attraktivität.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1 Als religiöser Begriff
2 Als sozialwissenschaftlicher Begriff

1. Als religiöser Begriff

Im Neuen Testament und älteren Christentum bezeichnet Charisma die Gaben des Heiligen Geistes an die Christen. Dazu zählen Weisheit, Erkenntnis, Glaube, Prophetie, Krankenheilungen, Wundertaten, Geisterunterscheidung, Zungenrede und Auslegung der Zungenrede. Unter besonderer Betonung einiger dieser Charismen (auch: Charísmata) entstanden in der Neuzeit geistliche Aufbruchsbewegungen wie die charismatische Bewegung oder die Pfingstbewegung.
Manche charismatischen Phänomene wie z.B. der Toronto-Segen haben eine gewisse Ähnlichkeit mit im Osten überlieferten, wie sie beispielsweise bei der Kundalini-Meditation eintreten sollen.

2. Als sozialwissenschaftlicher Begriff

In der Soziologie nutzte Max Weber den Begriff "Charisma", um eine der von ihm unterschiedenen drei Formen der Herrschaft zu bezeichnen (neben "traditionaler" und "rationaler" Herrschaft) (siehe auch: Noah-Effekt).
In der Wirtschaftspsychologie findet sich ein Ansatz, der Charismaaffinität und die Wahrnehmung von Charisma in die Nähe des Narzissmus' stellt. Wichtig dabei ist, wie sich "Stigma" und "Charisma" zueinander stellen (siehe auch: Wolfgang Lipp), und die Möglichkeit der sozialen Reversion bzw. Dramatisierung prototypischer Attribute. Dieses Wechselspiel lässt sich sozial-kognitiv und psychodynamisch-interaktiv erklären.
Laut Richard Wiseman verfügt eine charismatische Person über drei Eigenschaften:
Emotionen werden von ihr sehr stark empfunden
Sie ist in der Lage, auch andere Menschen derart starke Gefühle erleben zu lassen
Sie ist resistent gegenüber Einflüssen anderer charismatischer Menschen.[1]

La palabra carisma (de la palabra griega χ?ρισμα jarisma, "presente" o "regalo divino") es utilizada usualmente para describir una habilidad para influir o atraer a otras personas. Se refiere especialmente a la cualidad de ciertas personas de motivar con facilidad la atención y la admiración de otros gracias a una cualidad "magnética" de personalidad o de apariencia.
El estudio, reconocimiento y desarrollo del carisma en individuos es de sumo interés para sociólogos, psicólogos, políticos (generalmente nacionales) populares, locutores públicos, agentes de ventas o viajes, gente relacionada con el cine, seleccionadores de personal, las estrellas musicales, gerentes de empresas y académicos e implicados en los estudios del desarrollo de la dirección, entre otros.

En algunos casos, líderes carismáticos altamente extrovertidos y brutalmente controladores han usado su carisma personal en formas extremadamente destructivas y malignas a lo largo de la Historia, por ejemplo: Adolf Hitler y Jim Jones.
El sociólogo alemán Max Weber definio la autoridad carismática como una de las tres formas de autoridad, las otras dos eran la autoridad tradicional (feudal) y legal o autoridad racional. De acuerdo con Weber, carisma es definida como:
Una cierta cualidad de una personalidad individual, por virtud él/ella "es considerada aparte" de personas ordinarias y tratado como dotado con poderes o cualidades sobrenaturales, suprahumanas o al menos específicamente excepcionales. Estas como otras no son accesibles a las personas ordinarias, pero son vistas como divinas en orígen o como ejemplares, y sobre la base de ellas el individuo en cuestión es tratado como líder.

El carisma también ha sido estudiado como un conjunto de comportamientos/rasgos; Por ejemplo, un psicólogo moderno postula que el carisma es básicamente agregativo, una aglomeración de distintos rasgos de personalidad que se complementan bien en ciertos individuos para formar la gran cualidad conocida como carisma.
Teatralmente el carisma puede algunas veces ser "desempeñado" sobre un escenario y en películas y es transmitido tanto en comunicación verbal como no-verbal.

El Profesor Richard Wiseman dice que una persona carismática tiene tres atributos:
1.- Siente emociones por si mismaa de forma más intensa.
2.- Las induce en otros.
3.- Es indiferente ante las influencias de otras personas carismáticas.

Los siguentes consejos son del Profesor Wiseman sobre como ser más carismático:
General: Postura Corporal abierta, manos lejos de la cara cuando se está hablando, pararse derecho, relajarse, manos apartadas con las palmas adelante o hacia arriba.
Personal: Hacer saber a las personas que ellas importan y que se disfruta estando con ellos, desarrollar una sonrisa genuina, asentir con la cabeza cuando ellas hablen, tocarlos brevemente en la parte alta de brazo y mantener la mirada hacia los ojos.
A un grupo: Ser confortable como líder, moverse alrededor para parecer entusiasta, inclinarse levemente hacia adelante y mirar a todas las partes del grupo.
Mensaje: Moverse mas allá del "statu quo" y marcar la diferencia, ser controversial, novedoso, elocuente e intuitivo.
Discurso: Ser claro, fluido, enérgico y articulado, evocar imágenes, usar una cadencia, ocasinalmente lenta para producir tensión o énfasis.